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Two thinkers, side by side

Life

Portrait of Bhartrhari
Bhartrhari

c. 450 CE – c. 510 CE

GrammarianIndianVedantic

He argued that language is not how we describe reality but how reality exists. The word and the world are one.

Portrait of Dignaga
Dignaga

c. 480 CE – c. 540 CE

BuddhistIndian

The founder of Buddhist logic, who rebuilt the theory of knowledge around two sources alone: bare perception and inference.

Connection

Bhartrhari the philosophy of language absorbed Dignaga — Dignaga drew directly on Bhartrhari's analysis of how words mean, taking over the view that a word signifies by excluding what it is not. It is one of the clearest cases of a Buddhist logician borrowing from a grammarian.

Ideas

LogosBeing
Reason

Words

“There is no cognition in the world in which the word does not figure; all knowledge is intertwined with the word.”

— Bhartrhari

“Brahman is without beginning or end, the imperishable essence of the Word, which unfolds as the world.”

— Bhartrhari

“There are but two means of knowledge, perception and inference, for the object known is twofold: the particular and the universal.”

— Dignaga

Key Moments

c. 480 CE

Composing the Vakyapadiya

c. 500 CE

The monk who kept returning

c. 480 CE

Born in South India

c. 500 CE

The Founding of Buddhist Logic

c. 510 CE

Exclusion Theory of Meaning

c. 520 CE

Teaching at Nalanda

Works

Vakyapadiya

Compendium of Valid Cognition

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Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624-262 BCE