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Two thinkers, side by side

Life

Portrait of Adi Shankara
Adi Shankara

c. 700 CE (traditions disagree by centuries) – c. 750 CE

VedantaIndian

Born Kaladi

In a life scholars now think lasted barely thirty years, he wrote commentaries systematic enough to define Hindu philosophy for the next twelve centuries, all built on one claim: the self and the absolute are not two things.

Portrait of Ramanuja
Ramanuja

c. 1017 CE (some scholarship favors c. 1077) – c. 1137 CE (some scholarship favors c. 1157)

VedantaIndian

Born Sriperumbudur

Against Shankara's claim that the self and the absolute are strictly identical with nothing left over, he argued they are one but qualified — a single reality that still leaves real room for a soul to love, and be loved by, its God.

Connection

Adi Shankara Advaita answered by Vishishtadvaita Ramanuja — Ramanuja's Sri Bhashya was written as a direct, sustained answer to Shankara's Advaita reading of the Brahma Sutras two or three centuries earlier, arguing that Brahman really contains souls and matter rather than standing alone as undifferentiated reality.

Shared Ideas

Being

Ideas

BeingThe Intellect
BeingFaith & Reason

Words

“Brahman is real; the world is appearance; the individual self is nothing but Brahman.”

— Adi Shankara

“A person is not liberated by mere words, without perceiving the truth; liberation cannot come by any other means than direct realization.”

— Adi Shankara

“The individual soul is a part of the Supreme, as a spark is of fire, distinct yet dependent, never separate and never identical.”

— Ramanuja

“Devotion is not a single act but a continuous stream of remembrance, unbroken like a flow of oil, directed toward the Supreme Person.”

— Ramanuja

Key Moments

c. 720s CE

Debates Mandana Mishra

c. 740s CE

Establishes four monastic centers

c. 1100 CE

Writes the Sri Bhashya

c. 1120s CE

Becomes head priest at Srirangam

Works

Brahma Sutra Bhashya

Sri Bhashya

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Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624-262 BCE