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Two thinkers, side by side

Life

Portrait of Carneades
Carneades

c. 214 BCE – c. 129 BCE

SkepticHellenisticAcademic

Born Cyrene

Sent to Rome as an ambassador, he gave a public lecture arguing for justice one day and a devastating lecture against it the next, and was expelled from the city for making truth look too easy to argue either way.

Portrait of Plato
Plato

c. 428 BCE – c. 348 BCE

ClassicalPlatonist

Born Athens

He saw a world behind the world. The Forms are real; what we see are shadows.

Connection

Plato the Academy turned against its founder Carneades — Carneades led the very Academy Plato had founded, generations after it turned from Plato's confident metaphysics toward systematic skepticism: an irony ancient writers noted directly, since Carneades' arguments often targeted certainty of exactly the kind Plato had claimed.

Shared Places

AthensAthensAthens

Ideas

SkepticismMethodical Doubt
JusticeBeingVirtueReasonLogosChangeThe RepublicThe Virtuous City

Words

“The wise man will sometimes even give his opinion on things about which he cannot be certain, provided he distinguishes and warns that the matter is not certain.”

— Carneades

“Justice, if it existed at all, would consist in an equal regard for the interests of all — but no nation that means to be great can practice it.”

— Carneades

“We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light.”

— Plato

“The measure of a man is what he does with power.”

— Plato

Key Moments

155 BCE

Delivers dueling orations on justice in Rome

c. 155 BCE

Leads the Academy's skeptical turn

c. 428 BCE

Born in Athens

c. 408 BCE

Meeting Socrates

399 BCE

Death of Socrates

c. 388 BCE

First Voyage to Syracuse

Works

No surviving works

Apology

Crito

Euthyphro

Protagoras

Symposium

Meno

Phaedo

Gorgias

Republic

Phaedrus

Theaetetus

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Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624-262 BCE