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Two thinkers, side by side

Life

Portrait of Baron d'Holbach
Baron d'Holbach

1723 CE – 1789 CE

EnlightenmentFrenchMaterialist

The most uncompromising materialist of the age, who hosted Europe's boldest minds and denied that anything exists but matter in motion.

Portrait of Ludwig Feuerbach
Ludwig Feuerbach

1804 CE – 1872 CE

MaterialistGerman

Born Landshut

He argued that God is nothing but humanity's own best qualities, projected outward and mistaken for someone else, and handed the young Karl Marx a method he would turn on economics itself.

Connection

Baron d'Holbach religion explained from below Ludwig Feuerbach — Holbach's account of religion as a product of fear and ignorance prepares the ground for Feuerbach's more careful argument that God is human nature projected outward.

Ideas

NatureAtoms & the Void
Faith & ReasonInner Freedom

Words

“If we go back to the beginnings, we shall find that ignorance and fear created the gods.”

— Baron d'Holbach

“Man made God in his own image.”

— Ludwig Feuerbach

“The turning point of history will be the moment man becomes aware that the only God of man is man himself.”

— Ludwig Feuerbach

Key Moments

1723 CE

Born in the Palatinate

c. 1750 CE

The Thursday Dinners

1770 CE

The System of Nature

1772 CE

Good Sense

1841

Publishes The Essence of Christianity

1840s

Withdraws to rural isolation

Works

The System of Nature

The Essence of Christianity

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Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624-262 BCE