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Two thinkers, side by side

Life

Portrait of Kanada
Kanada

c. 6th century BCE

IndianVaisheshika

The Indian atomist. He said the world is made of indivisible particles, centuries before Democritus said the same thing in Greece.

Portrait of Akshapada Gautama
Akshapada Gautama

c. 2nd century CE

IndianNyaya

Four ways to know: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. He built Indian logic from the ground up.

Connection

Kanada atoms joined to logic Akshapada Gautama — Vaisheshika's atomism and Nyaya's logic were treated as allied systems for centuries and eventually merged into one school, Kanada supplying the account of what exists and Akshapada the account of how we know it.

Shared Places

Varanasi

Ideas

Atoms & the Void
Reason

Words

“The combination of atoms produces the diversity of the world.”

— Kanada

“Perception, inference, comparison, and testimony are the four valid means of knowledge.”

— Akshapada Gautama

Key Moments

c. 6th century BCE

The Atom-Eater

c. 6th century BCE

Proposes the Atomic Theory of Matter

c. 6th century BCE

Founds the Vaisheshika School

c. 590 BCE

The Six Categories of Being

c. 2nd century BCE

Born in the Gangetic Plain

c. 2nd century BCE

Founds the Nyaya School of Logic

c. 2nd century BCE

Writes the Nyaya Sutras

c. 195 BCE

Four Means of Knowledge

Works

Vaisheshika Sutras

Nyaya Sutras

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Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624-262 BCE