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Two thinkers, side by side

Life

Portrait of Wang Chong
Wang Chong

27 CE – c. 100 CE

RationalistChinese

He demanded evidence for everything, including Confucius, and found that ancient China had very little of it.

Portrait of Dong Zhongshu
Dong Zhongshu

c. 179 BCE – c. 104 BCE

ConfucianChinese

He persuaded the Han emperor to make Confucianism the law of the land, and rewrote the cosmos to prove it was always meant to be that way.

Connection

Dong Zhongshu portents denied Wang Chong — Wang Chong's Lunheng is a sustained attack on the correlative cosmology Dong Zhongshu had made orthodox, the doctrine that heaven answers human conduct with floods, eclipses and omens.

Shared Ideas

Nature

Ideas

ReasonNature
VirtueNatureRen (Benevolence)Li (Ritual Propriety)

Words

“The dead do not become ghosts, have no consciousness, and cannot harm anyone.”

— Wang Chong

“Heaven takes no purposeful action; its way is spontaneity.”

— Wang Chong

“Heaven and humankind respond to one another: when government loses the Way, Heaven answers first with warnings, then with prodigies.”

— Dong Zhongshu

“Let all that is not within the Six Arts and the methods of Confucius be cut off, and not allowed to advance together with them.”

— Dong Zhongshu

Key Moments

c. 50 CE

Reading the bookstalls of Luoyang

c. 80 CE

Writing the Critical Essays

c. 190 CE

A skeptic rediscovered

c. 179 BCE

Born in Guangchuan

c. 134 BCE

The three memorials to Emperor Wu

c. 124 BCE

Confucianism becomes state doctrine

Works

Critical Essays

Zouzi

Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals

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Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624-262 BCE