Saluting him who is the very embodiment of the means of valid knowledge, who seeks the benefit of all beings, the teacher, the well-gone, the protector, I compose this compendium, gathering here my scattered writings on valid cognition.
The means of valid cognition are perception and inference — these two only; for the knowable has only two aspects, the particular and the universal. Perception grasps the particular, inference the universal, and there is no third.
Perception is free from conceptual construction: it is that awareness untouched by name, class, and quality. What the senses meet is the bare particular, inexpressible; the moment we name it, thought has already begun its work of exclusion — for a word tells us not what a thing is, but only what it is not.
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