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Two thinkers, side by side

Life

Portrait of Judith Butler
Judith Butler

1956 CE

FeministPoststructuralistContemporaryAmerican

Born Cleveland

She argued that gender is not what you are but what you do, and that doing it differently is where freedom begins.

Portrait of Simone de Beauvoir
Simone de Beauvoir

1908 CE – 1986 CE

ExistentialistFeministModernFrench

Born Paris

She asked what it means to be a woman: and showed that the answer was not biology but history, not nature but construction.

Connection

Simone de Beauvoir radicalized the insight Judith Butler — Butler took de Beauvoir's claim that 'one is not born but becomes a woman' further than de Beauvoir intended: not just gender roles but the categories of sex themselves are culturally constituted and performatively maintained.

Shared Ideas

Inner FreedomEquality

Ideas

Inner FreedomEquality
Inner FreedomEquality

Words

“Gender is not something that one is, it is something one does, an act in the most theatrical sense.”

— Judith Butler

“Precarity is a shared condition, and politics is what we do in response to it.”

— Judith Butler

“One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.”

— Simone de Beauvoir

“To will oneself free is also to will others free.”

— Simone de Beauvoir

Key Moments

1990

Gender Trouble published

1929

Meets Sartre at the agrégation

1949

The Second Sex published

Works

Gender Trouble

The Second Sex

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Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624-262 BCE