Atlas of Thinkers
ThinkersAtlasTimelineLibraryBlog
WorksFragmentsQuotesReadSchoolsVirtuesPlacesIdeasConceptsInfluenceAbout

Explore

Compare

Two thinkers, side by side

Life

Portrait of Jürgen Habermas
Jürgen Habermas

1929 CE

Critical TheoryContemporaryGerman

Born Düsseldorf

He argues that legitimate authority requires genuine public reasoning, and that this is not a utopian ideal but a practical demand.

Portrait of John Rawls
John Rawls

1921 CE – 2002 CE

PoliticalContemporaryAmerican

Born Baltimore

He asked what principles of justice you would choose if you didn't know who you'd be. The answer was more radical than anyone expected.

Connection

Jürgen Habermas two liberalisms in correspondence John Rawls — Habermas and Rawls conducted a published exchange in the mid-1990s over whether political liberalism could stay neutral among comprehensive doctrines, the most careful disagreement in late twentieth-century political philosophy.

Ideas

ReasonToleranceThe Categorical Imperative
JusticeEqualityThe Social ContractThe General Will

Words

“Reaching understanding is the inherent telos of human speech.”

— Jürgen Habermas

“Modernity — an incomplete project.”

— Jürgen Habermas

“Justice is the first virtue of social institutions, as truth is of systems of thought.”

— John Rawls

“Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override.”

— John Rawls

Key Moments

1956

Joins the Frankfurt School under Adorno

1981

The Theory of Communicative Action

1950

Princeton doctorate and early career

1971

A Theory of Justice reshapes political philosophy

Works

Knowledge and Human Interests

A Theory of Justice

Atlas of Thinkers

A story-first philosophy atlas. Explore history's greatest thinkers through place, time, movement, and ideas.

Letters from the Atlas

One thinker, one idea, one passage, once a month.

Explore

  • Thinkers
  • Atlas
  • Works

Browse

  • Concepts
  • Fragments
  • Volumes

About

  • About the Atlas
  • Image Credits

Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624-262 BCE