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Two thinkers, side by side

Life

Portrait of Ibn Khaldun
Ibn Khaldun

1332 CE – 1406 CE

HistoriographerIslamicNorth African

Born Tunis

He watched the Black Death kill his parents and teachers, then spent a turbulent political career gathering evidence for a strikingly modern theory of why civilizations rise, and always, eventually, fall.

Portrait of Al-Farabi
Al-Farabi

c. 872 CE – 950 CE

IslamicPeripatetic

The Second Teacher (after Aristotle). He mapped out the perfect city and placed the philosopher at its head.

Connection

Al-Farabi political philosophy and the theory of civilization Ibn Khaldun — Ibn Khaldun's account of how cities and dynasties form and decay drew on the tradition of Islamic political philosophy Al-Farabi had established, even as Ibn Khaldun grounded his own theory far more empirically in observed historical cycles.

Shared Ideas

The Virtuous City

Ideas

NatureLegalismThe Virtuous City
The Virtuous CityThe IntellectReason

Words

“History is a science of a very noble character, deep, subtle, of great utility, and of noble goal.”

— Ibn Khaldun

“Group feeling produces the ability to defend oneself, to offer opposition, to protect oneself, and to press one's claims. Whoever loses it is too weak to do any of these things.”

— Ibn Khaldun

“The virtuous city is one in which people help each other to attain happiness.”

— Al-Farabi

Key Moments

1375-1379

Withdraws to write the Muqaddimah

1401

Negotiates with Timur outside Damascus

c. 901 CE

Studies in Baghdad

c. 920 CE

The Second Teacher

c. 940 CE

The Virtuous City

950 CE

Death in Damascus

Works

Muqaddimah

The Virtuous City

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Volume I · Ancient Greece · 624-262 BCE